Hello, Welcome to my website. I can be contacted at [email protected] Below is the address to look at the textbook online. It is a different edition from what we use in class but has the same information. www.nhusd.k12.ca.us/ Below is a study guide for the common assessment that students will take on 6/6 Unfortunately, the diagrams will not copy. I will give each student a hard copy that has the diagrams. Common Assessment Review *Questions To Think About Speed and Acceleration – Chapter Three Be able to calculate the speed of a moving object. *Variables needed to know to calculate speed are _______________ and _____________ Be able to describe and analyze the motion that a position / time graph represents. Know the variables and formulas for calculating speed and acceleration. *Starting from rest, a ball rolling down an incline reaches a speed of 30 m/s after 6 seconds. The rate of acceleration of the ball is _____________________________ Describe and analyze the motion that a velocity-time graph represents, given the graph. Distinguish between the variables of distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. Know that uniform circular motion represents acceleration without a change in speed. *A satellite circles earth in a low orbit at a constant speed of 27, 400 km/hr. While maintaining a constant speed, the satellite is actually accelerating because a change is taking place in the __________________________. Forces – Chapter Four Identify the magnitude and direction of everyday forces (e.g. wind, tension in ropes, pushes and pulls, weight). *In the picture above, what type of force is force A? Be able to identify and calculate the net forces that act on an object. (page 110) There are four forces acting on an object as shown in the diagram below: *If the object in the diagram above is moving with a constant velocity, the size of force F must be: (page 110) A. 0 N B. 30 N C. 40 N D. 100 N *If the force F is equal to 75 N, what is the net force of the object? A. 75 N to the right B. 35 N to the right C. 40 N to the left D. 30 N downward Understand how balanced and unbalanced forces act on the motion of an object. *When forces are balanced, the motion of the object: A. is decreased. B. is increased. C. does not change. D. is completely stopped. Explain how your weight on Earth could be different from your weight on another planet. *At what point does the truck in the picture above have the most potential energy? A. A B. B C. C D.D Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravity – Chapter Five *A force of 50 Newtons is exerted by a bat on a baseball. Using Newton’s 3rd law, determine the force exerted by the baseball on the bat: A. less than 50 N B. 50 N C. more than 50N Be able to solve problems involving force, mass, and acceleration in linear motion (Newton’s second law). *A 3.0-kilogram ball rolls down a ramp. If the ball accelerates at a rate of 15 m/s2, use Newton’s 2nd law (Force (in Newtons) = mass (in kilograms) x acceleration (in meters per second squared) to calculate the net force causing this acceleration: A. 3 N B. 5 N C. 10 N D. 45 N Understand the relationship between mass and inertia. (page 109) *Which of the following objects has the most inertia and why? (page 109) A. A bike resting on the side of a building (at rest = 0 m/sec) B. A rocket launching into space at 900 m/sec C. A softball pitched at 155 km/hour D. A ping pong ball flying through the air at 10 m/sec Explain Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation *What is gravity and how is it related to mass? (Page 155) *What are the variables that effect the force of gravity between two objects? (page 155) Energy – Chapter Six Understand the Law of Conservation of Energy (page 130) * If energy cannot be created or destroyed, how can it be changed without any change in the total amount of energy? (page 130) Know the difference between potential and kinetic energy. (page 131) Be able to calculate the amount of work being done using the formula W(joules) = F(force in Newtons)d(distance). (pages 135–137) Be able to calculate the rate that power is being used using the formula P(power in watts)= W(work in joules) T(time in seconds (page 138) *As the rubber band in the above diagram, is stretched backward, which energy is increased. (page 131) A. potential B. total C. thermal D. kinetic *Which of these devices changes chemical energy into kinetic energy? (page 16 & 130) A. A flashlight bulb. B. A gasoline powered boat engine. C. A curling iron. D. All of the above. Waves and Sound Be able to identify the characteristics of a wave. Be able to explain how changes in wavelength, amplitude and frequency affect sound. *Which of these is the best example of periodic (harmonic, not linear) motion? A. A person riding on a merry-go-round. B. A person bicycling from Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti. C. A person sliding down a water slide. D. A person throwing a ball. *Which letter correctly identifies the amplitude of the pendulum below? (page 222) A. A B. B C. C D. D *The diagram above shows _____________ complete cycles of the pendulum. (page 218) A. 1⁄2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4 *What is the frequency of the pendulum above? (F = 1/P) A. 0.5 Hz B. 1Hz C. 2Hz D. 4Hz *As the period of a vibration increases, its frequency A. decreases. B. remains the same. C. increases. (page 220) *How can you make a longitudinal (compressional) or a transverse wave with a Slinky? Light and Color Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Identify the different regions on the electromagnetic spectrum and compare them in terms of wavelength, frequency, and energy. *Which type of EM radiation has a frequency greater than visible light? A. x rays B. infrared waves C. microwaves D. radio waves How is the frequency of all electromagnetic waves related to the amount of energy the wave has? *What is the speed of all electromagnetic waves? (page 227) Explain why we see a distant event before we hear it (e.g. lightning before thunder, exploding fireworks before the boom). IMPORTANT NOTICE! The test scheduled for Tuesday will be postponed until further notice. You will be starting on you CO2 Car Project on Monday. We will finish the Waves and Sound Unit when you are finished with the project. The study guide for the Waves and Sound unit is below. Waves and Sound Study Guide Objectives and Vocabulary Objectives 1. Describe the properties of waves. Waves are traveling oscillations that have properties of wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive waves. Frequency is a measure of how often a wave goes up and down (oscillates) at any one place on the wave. Amplitude is the maximum amount the wave causes anything to move away from the equilibrium (resting position). 2. Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves. Transverse waves are light waves. Its oscillations are not in the direction it moves. Longitudinal waves are sound waves. Its oscillations are in the direction it moves. 3. Explain what happens to a wave when the amplitude, wavelength, and/or frequency are either increased or decreased. When amplitude is increased the wave moves farther from the resting position. When it is decreased, it moves toward the equilibrium. When wavelength is increased the wave crests move farther apart. When it is decreased, the crests move closer together. When frequency is increased wave motion increases. When it is decreased, wave motion slows down. 4. Explain how sound is related to frequency and time. The frequency of a wave is the rate at which every point on the wave moves up and down. The frequency of a wave is measured in hertz (Hz). A wave with a frequency of one hertz causes everything it touches to oscillate at one cycle per second. 5. Explain how amplitude and wavelength affect sound. The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound will be. The lower the amplitude, the quieter the sound will be. The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch will be. The lower the frequency, the lower the pitch will be. 6. Understand sound interactions (what happens to sound when there is destructive and constructive interaction). Constructive waves add up to make greater amplitude. Destructive waves add up to make a smaller or zero amplitude. 7. Explain the Doppler effect and why pitch changes as a moving object passes a certain point. As a moving object approaches you, the wavelength of the wave decreases, increasing the frequency, which increases the pitch. As the wavelength moves away from you, the wavelength decreases, decreasing the frequency which decreases the pitch. 8. Explain how and why the speed of sound is affected medium. Sound travels at about 1000km/hr. or about 660 miles/hr. Sound travels fastest in solids and slowest in gases. This is because in solids molecules are close together. The closer together molecules are, the sooner each consecutive molecule begins to vibrate. The farther apart the molecules are, the longer it takes for the vibration to reach the next molecule. Vocabulary Harmonic motion – Motion that repeats itself in cycles. Oscillator – A physical system that has repeating cycles such as a wave. Cycle – A unit of motion that repeats. In a wave the unit that repeats would be from crest to crest or trough to trough. Period – The time it takes for each complete cycle. Frequency – The rate at which every point on the wave moves up and down. Hertz – Unit of measurement of frequency. One hertz (Hz) causes everything it touches to oscillate one cycle per second. Amplitude – The maximum height the wave rises above the equilibrium (resting position). Natural frequency – The frequency at which a system oscillates when disturbed. Resonance – exceptionally large amplitude that develops when a periodic force (force repeated over and over such as a wave) is applied at the natural frequency. \ Wave – A traveling oscillation that has properties of frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. A wave carries energy. Wavelength – The distance between two consecutive wave crests or wave troughs. Transverse wave – A wave that does not oscillate in the same direction it moves. Longitudinal wave – A wave that oscillates in the same direction it moves. Acoustics – The science and technology of sound. Constructive interference – When waves add up to make greater amplitude. Destructive interference – When waves add up to make a smaller or zero amplitude. Medium – Any phase of matter. Reflection – When a wave bounces off a barrier and goes in a new direction. Refraction – When a wave bends as it passes through or into an object. Diffraction – When a wave bends around an object or through holes in the object. Pitch – How high or low a sound is heard at different frequencies of sound. Decibel (dB) – A measure of the loudness of sound (amplitude). Supersonic – Any object moving faster than the speed of sound. Doppler effect – An increase or decrease in frequency caused by the motion of a source of sound. Restoring force – Any force that always acts to pull a system back toward equilibrium. |
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